Understanding Infertility Types and Conditions

Simple Definition of Infertility
Infertility is when a person or couple cannot get pregnant or have a baby naturally, even after trying regularly (like having unprotected sex) for at least a year. It's a common medical issue that can affect men, women, or both, often due to problems with eggs, sperm, hormones, or the body's reproductive system.
Derivation (Word Origin)
The word "infertility" comes from Latin roots around the 1600s, blending "in-" (meaning "not" or "without") with "fertilis" (meaning "fruitful" or "able to produce offspring"). "Fertilis" itself derives from the Latin verb "ferre," which means "to bear" or "to carry" (as in carrying a child). So, infertility literally translates to "not fruitful" or "unable to bear."
Type 1 (Primary Infertility): This is when a couple has never been able to get pregnant after trying for at least a year without using birth control. It's like starting from scratch with no previous success.
Type 2 (Secondary Infertility): This happens when a couple has had at least one pregnancy before (even if it ended in miscarriage or birth), but now they can't get pregnant or carry to term again. It's frustrating because they've done it once but can't repeat it.
A woman who repeatedly conceives but cannot carry a pregnancy to full term (e.g., due to recurrent miscarriages) is typically described as having recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also known as recurrent miscarriage. This means she experiences two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks of gestation.
Type of Infertility
This condition often falls under secondary infertility, especially if she has had at least one prior pregnancy (even if it ended in miscarriage). Secondary infertility is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after a previous pregnancy, distinct from primary infertility (no prior pregnancies at all). However, RPL itself is not always classified strictly as infertility—it's more about pregnancy maintenance—but it can lead to infertility if it prevents live births. Causes may include genetic issues, hormonal imbalances, uterine abnormalities, or clotting disorders.
Fertility Pathways
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Published By
Timothy G. Leeds MD
Dr. Timothy G. Leeds, MD, is a board-certified OB-GYN with over 38 years’ experience, practicing in Nevada and Ames, Iowa, and affiliated with local medical centers.